???????? ??????????? ????? ????? ?????????? ?????????? ????????, ?????????? ???????? ????, ??????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ????????, ????????, ??????????? ??????? ???? ??? ????????? ???????? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ??????????? ????????? ???.

?? ???????? ??????????? ??????????? ???????? ??? ????? ??????

????????: ???????? ??????????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ??????????? ???????? ??????????????? ?????? ?????.

?????? ???????? ??? ??????? ????? ?????

??????? ???????:

??????????, ????? ??? ????, ?????? ???????, ???? ???, ?????? ??????? ?. ???????? ??????????? ?????????? ????? ??????????, ???????? ??????????? ???????? ????????????? ????????? ???? ????, ??????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ???.

??????????, ????-??? ???? ????? ??? ????-??? ???? ????? ??????????? ?????? ?????. ????-??? ??? ??????? ???????? ??????????? 45 ?????? ???????? ???? ?? 10 ???????? ??? ???????? ???????????? 50 ?????? ?? 8 ????-????? ???????????? ??????????? ?????? ?????.

????? ???????:

?????? ???, ????????? ?????? ???, ????-????????? ???????, ?? ????, ??-?????? ??????? ?????, ??-?????? ??????? ?????, ?????? ??????, ???? ?????? ?????????????? ??????? ???????? ??????????? ???????? ?????? ????????????? ???????? ???? ???? ????.

??????, ????????????? ?????????? ??????????? ???????????? ??? ????? ????????? ????? ?????, ??????????, ????????????? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ??????????????? 4 ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????.

??????? ?????????? al??????????, ????? ?????? ???

??????????? ??????????? ???????? ?????? ???????? 9 ?????

1. ????? ???????

90 within ?? ??? ???????? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ????, ??????? ???? ???? ??? ??? ????????? ???? ???? ???.

2. ??? ???????

????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ??? ???????? ??????? ????? ????? ??????????? ?????? ????.

3. ???????? ?????? ?? ??????? (45 °)

??? gro??????? ?????? ??? 45 ° ??? ???????? ??????????? ?????? ????, ???? ?????, ???????? ?????????? ????? ?????????? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ????.

4. ?????? ??? (???? ???, 45 45, 135 °)

???????????? ??????? ????? ????? ??????????? ?????? ????, 90 ° 45 ° 135 of ???? ??? ?????????? ??? ???????????? ?????????, ?? ?????? ????? ??????? ??? ????.

5. ?????? ???????

??? ???????????? 90 ° ??????? ??????????? ?????? ????, ??????? ???? ???? ??? ??? ????? ???? ???? ???, ???????? ??????? ???????? ??? ??????????? ?????? ????.

6. ?????? ???????

??? ???????????? 90 of ???????????, ???????? ???????, ???? ??????? ????????.

7. 3 ?? ??????? (???? ???)

??? ???????? ??????? ????? ??? ??????????? ????????, ??????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???.

8. 3 ?? ??????? (?? ???)

??? ??????? ??? ???????? ??????? ????? ??? ??????????? ?????? ????, ??????? ???????? ??? ?????? ???

9. ???? ???????

??? ???????????? ???? ???????? ???? ??????????? ?????? ????.

???????????? ????? ????? ?????

???? ????????????? ?????????? ???????? ???????????? ???; ????? ?? ???????????? ??????? ???????, ?????? ??? ????: half ????? ???? ??????????? ????? ?????, ??? ??????????? ????? ????? ???????? ??? ??? ????, ?????? ????? ~